Do Resuscitate Status a Legal and Ethical Challenge for...

Do Resuscitate Status: A Legal and Ethical Challenge for Nursing Shawn Wolkart Senior Integrative Seminar Spring A semester, 2010 University of Saint Mary Abstract A status of do resuscitate in those critically ill patients may result in a slow code. A slow code is a situation where the nursing staff decides to do less than the standard set forth by advanced life support algorithms and the nurse practice act and allow the patient to die instead of possibly sustaining life. The legal implications include falsification of documents and breaching the standard of care set forth by the nurse practice act. The ethical issues include malfeasance, dishonesty, and taking on the role of deciding who has a chance to live during a life†¦show more content†¦Although it has been many years since I rotated through an intensive care, I am sure these issues still arise. As a nurse I worked in the pediatric and neonatal ICU’s and thankfully was not exposed to this type of ethical dilemma. In those instances we did everything we could for those little lives. Today, I would report this to the manager and follow the chain of command. The staff needs education and training on end of life care and issues, legal and ethical dilemmas in relation to code status, and review of the nurse practice act. Reviewing legal cases and outcomes with the staff may also increase awareness of the dangers of practices such as slow codes. Nurses are to be healing, caring, empathetic and supportive of patients and families during critical illness, death and dying. At that time, I was just a student nurse and had yet to realize the consequences of this unethical practice. However, as a manager equipped with the knowledge of the ethical and legal dilemmas of a slow code, my actions today would be different. Involving the ethics committee in these cases would be encouraged. According to Pozgar (2007), â€Å"An ethics committee in the health care setting is a multidisciplinary committee that serves as a hospital resource to patients, families, and staff, offering an objective counsel when facing difficult health care issues and decis ions.† As aShow MoreRelatedThe Nurse And The Physician1575 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches to resolve ethical issues, when giving information about a â€Å"Do not resuscitate (DNR)† form to the husband of the patient in ICU (Zerwekh, 2013, p. 420). When the physician showed the husband the DNR form, it stated that the physician pointed out what they could do for the patient. In this case, it is perceived that the physician highlighted the parts of the DNR form that would coerce the husband into signing the form, while leaving out what the hospital will no longer do for his wife onceRead MoreEthical Dilemmas for Nurses on End of Life Issues5633 Words   |  23 PagesETHICAL DILEMMAS FACING NURSES ON END-OF-LIFE ISSUES BASED ON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS HELD IN ELDORET, KENYA Author: Kamau S. Macharia: BScN (Moi), MSc (studying) Nursing Leadership Health Care Systems Management (University of Colorado, Denver), Higher Dip. Critical Care Nursing (Nbi). Graduate Assistant, School of Nursing Biomedical Sciences, Kabianga University College (A Constituent College of Moi University), . P 0 Box 2030 20200 Kericho, Kenya Read More Medical Sociology Essay3862 Words   |  16 PagesMedical Sociology Introduction That the medical field is facing very difficult challenges, some of which are old and many which are new, is nothing new to the public. Issues such as the lack of health care coverage for everyone, the high cost of medical care and the growing distance between health care professionals and patients are only few highlights of this crisis. What is different about our current crisis is the approach that is taken in order to solve these problems. Present discussion

Islamic or State schools Free Essays

How Moslem parents make their determination of directing their kids to Islamic schools or to State schools. The survey of how Moslem parents decide to direct their kids to either Islamic Schools or public has now been studied for some clip and it has provided different replies for different inquiries. This survey has chiefly been carried out because of the now increasing grounds if the cultural and political differences being seen as a consequence of the diverse civilizations and faith in being amongst people of different ethnicities in the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic or State schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now For one to understand the strong differences that occur in people ‘s civilizations and beliefs, it is critical to look at the beginning of the procedure of socialization in a peculiar community or society. Socialization is the procedure whereby there is exchange of certain facets of a civilization between two different cultural societies. The socialization procedure normally begins at childhood. This is because kids are easy socialized in the norms that are involved in their civilization and this affects their societal mentality as they grow up. Education on the other manus is the transmittal of information and cognition from one coevals to the following. Education is a basic of every individual today to derive instruction. The Muslim civilization encourages its members to seek cognition. This is viewed to be one of the most cherished things that one can get in life because it enhances rational growing. Education is an single plus which no 1 can take away from another and which is necessary in traveling through life. In life and in Islam the greatest value of instruction is to enable one to supply good leading largely amongst the young person. The major aim of Islam is to enable the development of one ‘s character and besides one ‘s Islamic personality and this is what is emphasized in many Islamic schools . Parents play a major function in educating their kids. The initial instruction provided to kids under the counsel of their parents is really of import and shows the parents function. As kids grow the society they grow about has a great impact in act uponing the character of every single kid. However, the bad intelligence is that Moslems have been evidenced to be the most illiterate in the universe in a survey conducted in all Muslim states. This has led to many parents who value more limitless instruction for their kids to direct them to schools abroad to the western states. This has proved to be advantageous to their kids but has besides led to the debut of unobserved challenges to both the parents and the kids. For illustration In Britain, the Muslims send their kids to authorities schools and so they teach them at place or in the mosques. Consequently, like any other normal school in the universe, in province schools kids would frequently confront jobs like know aparting or strong-arming based upon their spiritual orientation. The harm whether it is psychological or physical can impact the behaviour and can act upon the Muslim pupil ‘s public presentation in the schoolroom. From the Muslim parents ‘ position, the cognition that their kids would have is traveling to be through a secular position and this frequently will be unfastened and indifferent towards any peculiar faith. As a consequence, there emerged two picks for Islamic parents to take in educating their kids. This is whether to direct them to Islamic schools or to province schools. This job started in the coming of the 20th century and due to chiefly Western influence and sometimes colonialism, Muslim parents sometimes preferable leaving merely secular cognition to their kids. The weak pupils were chiefly sent to spiritual schools known as Madrasas within their states. However those who migrated to the West chose to take their kids to both public and spiritual schools for a figure of grounds. These grounds applied both to those in the West and those in the middle-east. One of the best and most popular grounds among Muslim parents for the ground as to why they send their kids to Islamic schools is that it provides the perfect environing to larn the Muslim civilization because of an Islamic surrounding and environment. For illustration, kids in Muslim schools socialize with other kids of the Islamic followers and pray together in the Islamic manner. They are more significantly exposed to modern frailties that exist in urban and westernized schools such as fornication, intoxicant and drugs. Furthermore, Muslim schools are ideal centres to supply individuality in the society for kids. To turn out this, some interviewed Muslim kids attest that their parents would most likely send them to an Islamic school if there is the presence of one in their vicinity. This shows the penchant of many Muslim parents. Harmonizing to one Islamic based teacher in New York by the name of Yahiya Emerick states that Islamic Schools provide the kids with the chance to be able to place themselves with the Islamic community and its values and therefore it provides a sense of belonging to the kids and they feel that they belong to a certain community and proud to be identified with it. To back up this position, the president of the Muslim Education Council in Virginia points out that these Islamic schools provide a sense of dignity, pride and cultural individuality that the kids can non get in a populace or State school. His organisation Teachs largely decision makers and pedagogues about Islam and the Middle Eastern civilization. He besides adds that the sense of individuality comes from non merely socialising with other Muslim kids and praying together but besides from memories of praying and declaiming Islamic Bibles, listening to the Adhan and speaking about the jobs confronting the Islamic society and this proved to be invaluable for an Islamic person in the hereafter. However, there are many other grounds why parents sometimes prefer taking their kids to Islamic school. For illustration is that for illustration if a parent realizes that his kid is turning into being ill-mannered and boisterous, the parent may ensue in looking for a speedy solution to the state of affairs at manus and decide to direct his kid to an Islamic school and this is estimated to be the instance that has led about one tierce of the kids in Islamic schools to be admitted at that place. This nevertheless has proved to be extremely disadvantageous to Islamic schools because some of the kids expelled from public schools because of gross misconduct are being dumped in Muslim schools. This is said to be the consequence of the attitude of most Muslim parents that the Muslim establishments are effectual rectification centres for their kids alternatively of public schools which they see as holding a higher chance of being a accelerator for their kids ‘s bad behaviour. This has sometimes led to some parents kicking sometimes that Islamic schools are being a bad influence on their kids ‘s behaviour at times but Islamic establishments have been speedy to indicate out that the kids did n’t all come a being of good behavior in the society and some had come from public school. Another good ground why Muslim parent take their kids to Muslim school is because they are more open to Islamic cognition in Muslim schools. The former president of the immature Muslims of Canada which is an organisation based in Ontario, Taha Ghayyur says that a batch of Canadian born Muslim kids have a batch of trouble in analyzing Arabic Hagiographas and the Quran and because of their interaction with other civilizations, they tend to hold a small difference in their position to Islam in comparing to their Middle-Eastern brothers and sisters. However, there are a figure of Islamic followings who besides believe that the information chiefly acquired in Islamic schools is much more limited as compared to that gained in Public schools. One of the people who support this position is Shabbir Mansuri who is the establishing manager if the institute of Fountain Valley which is a Council on Islamic Education based in California. Taking his illustration, he has three girls of which merely the youngest attends an Muslim school because Islamic schools were non available before when his two other girls were turning up. He points out that in the instance of his younger girl, she has been able to declaim the Surahs and Bibles from the Quran but he besides sees that the Islamic schools have non made a difference in the apprehension of the Quranic Bibles. This is considered to be one advantage of State schools because they help the kids understand what they are analyzing, This and many other grounds give cause to the determination of inscribing their kids in province schools. One ground for illustration is that in most public schools largely in the West, province school instruction is normally provided free by the authorities. This is an economic consideration by most parents in the universe. for illustration in the state of affairs of Islamic parents populating in the West, it is merely when they grew in Numberss and acquired more resources that they opened more Muslim schools get downing from kindergarten to high school. As a consequence, it is estimated that in topographic points like in Northern America entirely, there are soon about three hundred Islamic schools which provide integrated instruction. In instances of where there were lower resources, the kids were taken to province schools during the weekdays and to Islamic schools during the weekends. Another factor is that due to the high registration rates to public schools, there are a higher figure of persons from different societal and economic backgrounds and this is non ever a bad factor as and enables kids to encompass people of different backgrounds. This is a point supported by many broad Islamic households populating in the West. Other factors which give an advantage to province schools over Islamic schools are that have sometimes better qualified and trained and certified instructors who provide standard instruction to the kids. The instructors are chiefly nonsubjective in impacting the needed cognition on the pupils and supervising the pupils ‘ advancement. This is the chief ground that many Islamic parents sometimes send their kids from the middle-east to the western schools. This can be evidenced by the kids of the sovereign of Saudi Arabia and Dubai. In decision, it can be observed that the boundaries of cognition are spread outing on a day-to-day footing and in the western universe ; Muslim parents are confronting an ever-increasing challenge of make up one’s minding the right school for their kids. It overall clear that the every parent would wish to inscribe his or her kid in a school that provides academic excellence and religious growing but it is largely the function of the parents to weigh the better option between Islamic schools and public schools. This is by seting their disadvantages and disadvantages together and sing what is best for their kids. Mentions Lawrence D. , ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East. London ; Westview Press Levy, Reuben ( 1969 ) . The Social Structure of Islam. United kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Ridgeon, L ( 2003 ) . Major World Religions ( 1st ed. ) . London. Routledge Curzon publishing houses. Shahid A. ( 1998 ) . Sex Education: An Islamic Perspective.London. Oxford University Press. Hamsa Y. ( 2002 ) . Understanding Muslim Education and Elementss of Success. Cairo: Alhambra Productions How to cite Islamic or State schools, Essay examples

20th Century Drama Talking Heads by Alan Bennett Essay Example For Students

20th Century Drama Talking Heads by Alan Bennett Essay The monologues I have studied are A Cream Cracker under the Settee and A lady of Letters. The monologues have been written by Alan Bennett who is a playwright as well as a film director. A monologue is a long speech by one person. They are usually used to represent the loneliness of one. The two monologues have been described as being modern day tragedies meaning that there is nothing that goes right in the characters lives and usually ends with a sad ending. A Cream Cracker under the Settee is about a character called Doris. The character of Doris has been played by an actress called Thora Hird. Doris is an old aged widow that lives by herself. Her old age reflects on her, as her limbs are falling weak, especially her legs that tend to go numb. She is obsessed with cleaning and makes an effort of dusting and cleaning the house, unfortunately her legs go numb and she falls. She lives in a council house and so the council want to send her to an old peoples home called Stafford House. Doris isnt to keen on it and doesnt want to move. She believes that her house holds a lot of memories of her life and her dead husband and child. Doris is an ordinary working class widow. She is lonely and everyone she knows has have died or left her. In the monologue Doris mentions that she had a child that died in the past and was not able to grieve over the death properly because of the lack of support her husband gave her. There is guilt shown on Doriss face because of this. On page 89, she also mentions that her husband Wilfred did not show that he was upset about the childs death. She describes her husband as one of those people who didnt live up to their ideas. In the monologue she mentions her husband by calling him dad. Shes desperate and wishes she had another chance to do many things in the past. In her monologue she talks about the past a lot. She is an old fashioned woman who wishes she had a daughter. She is very critical about the people these days; her criticism about them seems more like an obsession but she seems like a good person at heart. Doris does not seem like a religious person as she quotes Religious people are hypocrites. Also by other quoting made by her in the monologue make the reader believe that she isnt religious at all. She is ignorant to other cultures and races as she grew up in the country where there were not any immigrants. Doris has an Asian worker called Zulema that comes to help with cleaning the house and helping her out with other stuff, but Doris does not trust her. Doris thinks that Zulema is not a very good cleaner as she finds a cream cracker under the settee as she is talking to the audience during the monologue. She also does not like Zulema telling her what to do and treating her like a child. Doris is a very brave and proud person. She does not want to believe she is an old person, even though her body is falling weak she believes shes still there within the mind. During the monologue Doris is near the door and her legs numb. She continuously knocks on the door and tries to seek help. Towards the end of the play Doris puts her hand under the settee and eats the cream cracker that Zulema forgot to pick up whilst cleaning. This is quiet surprising for the audience as Doris is a very clean person and one of the reasons she does not want to go to Stafford house is because of its hygiene reasons. Then when a police officer knocks on her door to asks if everything is o. k. Doris replies by saying that everything was ok says that her lights were off because she was having a nap. The policeman goes and Doris thinks she has done it. She believes that now that the police officer has gone she wont be going to Stafford house. She also wanted to die in the same house as her husband as all his memories are in the house that she lives in. I believe that Doris is a tragic figure as nothing seemed to go well in her life and her monologue ends with her death. She has lost everyone she knew and has spent most of her life alone. She has an obsession with cleaning and obviously when you have an obsession with something you cant help but think about it. She cleaned her house in a very unfit state and whilst cleaning her legs went numb. The death of her baby and husband was probably the most tragic thing in her life. There are many things that make her monologue very tragic A picture of a husband Wilfred and Doriss wedding picture is a prop that has been used in this monologue a lot. Doris talks to the photo many times in the monologue; this represents her husbands presence in many ways. Diary Entry - Blood Brothers EssayShe begins to swear, to smoke and she also learns about sex. She becomes a mother figure to the other girls as she is much older than them. Irene learns more about life in prison and is happy in there. At the end of the monologue Irene seems like a completely different person and looks much younger. In many ways I believe that Irene is a tragic character because she gets her happiness by living in prison. She has not really lost her mind but she is just in a state of depression, as she had no one else in her life but her mother who died as well. She is never had a relationship with a man so this is another uncompleted phase in her life. She also does not have a dad, which means she has no influence of a male person in her life. The house that Irene lives in is depressing itself. This matches Irenes character. A prop that is used a lot in the monologue is the pen that Irene uses to write her letters of complaints with. It is her best friend because she uses it a lot. The pen is given to her by her mother, which is why the pen is very dear to her. While in prison the colours of the stickers that Irene is playing with represent the colours and different stages of her life. At the end of the monologue Irene is wearing tracksuits instead of the boring clothes she wore before she went to prison. This also represents the change in her life. The director shows the time change by their being day and night. The time change is also shown by Irene costumes. Doris and Irene are two characters that are very similar because they both have very tragic lives in their own ways. They are both female and they both live by themselves. They both have someone that has died in their lives. With Doris it was the death of her child and husband and with Irene it was the death of her mother. This also may be the main reason of their depression. Both of them are childless. They both have old-fashioned views on society and people. They both have an obsession with something. Doris has an obsession with cleaning and Irene has an obsession with letter writing. Both of them are very hard to please they also have a habit of criticising their neighbours. Another thing that is a major common factor about the two is that they both dont have a strong faith in God. They both are very critical about religion and about religious people. Doris and Irene are different characters because they have lived very different lives. Doris has been married and has had a child, whereas Irene has never had a boyfriend in her life, which means she has never had her own family. Doris has become very old but Irene is middle aged. They both have obsessions but have two different types of obsessions. Doris has an obsession with cleaning and Irene has an obsession with writing letter of complaints. The monologue I preferred was A lady of letters. This is because with Irene there was some hope of her recovering whereas with Doris her monologue ends with her death. Also because with A Lady of Letters there is also a bit of humour involved in the monologue. Irene has not gained much happiness life; she lived by herself and never ever had a relationship with a man. She also spent most of her life at home. When people live by themselves they become bitter and dont enjoy the company of another person. This is the reason why Irene had become so critical of other people. Whereas Doris had received her share of happiness but lost it with in time. She had a husband and a child but both of them died before she did. She did not get to grieve properly over the death of her child because of the lack of support she got by her husband. She didnt have much to do as she also lived by herself. She had an obsession with cleaning but she couldnt clean because her legs would go numb whenever she tried to. At the end of the monologue all is well with Irene as she says shes happy now but at the end of A Cream Cracker under the Settee Doris says she is unhappy and she dies. I also think Doriss monologue was more tragic than Irenes monologue.

Voluntarist and Regulated Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Tend to Embody Opposite Logics

Introduction Meaning and Importance of Vet Human resource development is given impetus by the fact that giving employees knowledge and required skills can completely change organisations and improve lives (Grugulis 2007a, p.1). When skills are well deployed they provide support for national and organisational competitiveness which enables companies to perform better (Grugulis 2007a, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Voluntarist and Regulated Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Tend to Embody Opposite Logics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore training and development safeguard productivity and supporting it and therefore firms have been able to prepare employees for current and future jobs. Many firms have resulted to training the internal employees on the knowledge and skills relevant to its functions (Grugulis 2007a, p.2). On the other hand educational systems in a place do affect the hum an resource development in any country (Grugulis 2007b, p.58). With the scientific revolution in the workplace calling for higher levels of education; training, greater exercise of intelligence and mental efforts as well as Vocational Education and Training (VET) is an inevitable player in human resource development and management (Ashton 2001, p.165). This is because there is need for a more competent skilled labour workforce for sustainable development, which is established on the idea of keeping in mind the ecological effects by use of suitable technologies. Furthermore, for there to be any growth in the social and economic scene, particular types of human capital and skills are required (CEDEFOP 2010). The issues vocational education and training at workplace are not only the concerns of individual workers and employers but of the whole society. In a larger picture an educated and skilled human resource is the backbone of a well functioning and productive economy which is presum ed competitive, wealthy and nurturing the wellbeing of the whole society (Holden 2001a, p.341). This paper is going to examine the two approaches to vocational education and training: the voluntary and regulated approaches and will show how these approaches employ opposite logics in their application.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Vocational education and training is a major stakeholder in preparing and developing human resource which is compatible to the changing demands on the workplace due to technological transformation. However there are different interpretations of the form and nature of what should be an objective Vocational Education and Training (VET) system and because of varied needs of skills at different places there are different approaches to this training and educational discourse (Holden 2004a, p.356; Gruguli s 2007b, p.56). With time, it has been noted that Vocational education and training is important especially due to its recurrence in the agenda of bi- and multilateral donors (CEDEFOP 2010). This is mainly because of three reasons: Firstly, despite the fact that UNESCO Education for all initiative has succeeded in bringing improved enrolment rates and quality of primary education, several concerns arise, particularly with regard to the way in which the employability in secondary education graduates can be promoted. In addition, the worldwide ecological and socioeconomic development patterns have allowed for the principle of Vocational Education and Training as well as the development of human capital (Wallenborn 2010, p.182). With all these proposals needing attention the question remains as to whether the two approaches; voluntary or compulsory [regulated] are compatible (Holden 2001a, p.356). Regulated Approach This approach is also known as compulsory because there is usually a l egislation that requires employers to ensure that their employees are given a specific training and education. Harrison (1995:38, quoted in Holden 2001a, p.356) reports that under this approach, the liberal democrats, the TUC, the commission for social justice and the labour party call for employers’ coercion through legislation to offer training to the employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Voluntarist and Regulated Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Tend to Embody Opposite Logics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This regulation usually happens in a number of varied forms (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.167). For instance, in France, it is a requirement for employers to back up training or otherwise give a certain amount to the state. In Germany, on the other hand, a system of stringent and broad apprenticeship of youths who are prospective members of the labour market is provided. In addit ion, there are ‘licenses to practice’ which are required for different lines of work (Grugulis 2007b, p.54). This approach assumes that vocational Education and Training is beneficial to the entire society and has lifelong benefits to all in order to obtain an extremely competent work force. The compulsory approach gets a lot of backing from the fact that investing in Vocational Education and Training (VET) can be effective in promoting socioeconomic progress, increasing economic competitiveness and reducing poverty in the triangle of productivity, employability and sustainable growth (Wallenborn 2010, p.181). Therefore the assumption created in this approach is that if companies and firms are not forced to train their employees they will only put much emphasis on profits making and therefore the society and individuals will never progress and this will be reflected in the whole economy. Moreover, when left to their own companies concentrate on short term benefits, whic h more often than not, have proved to be of poor quality and do not develop a person as can be seen in the case of United Kingdom (Holden 2001b). Another major outcome of this is that these companies at times tend to enrol workers who have been trained in other places without necessarily training their own workers (Grugulis 2007a, p.2). Through the provision of a suitable base or even the idea of the payable levies and the regulation of this training, a full-bodied development of skills is guaranteed to the state. Voluntarist Approach This approach is the direct opposite of the regulated where the government and other stakeholders have so little to do as far as their influence on the general Vocational Education and Training system in a given nation is concerned (Grugulis 2007a, p.3).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contrary to what it insisted in the regulated approach labour party for instance has shifted its stand from where the organisation should be compelled to provide training, in what is known as levy system, to this recent proposal which adopts the element of persuasion (Holden 2001a, p.356). In the voluntarist approach the individual or organization is the one to be involved in the choosing of the kind of training and whether to do it or not as in some cases where the trade union have to negotiate with the employer on the kind of training to be accorded to the employee (Boheim and Booth 2004, p.520). The approach assumes that the effectiveness of any given firm is boosted if the firm has little or no bottlenecks that arise from external regulations hence adopting a unitary kind of workplace relationship (Harrison 2002, p.36). Through the market forces, such as the need to stay on the competing edge, production of high quality commodities and the need for smooth and efficient running o f the firms usually see to it that if there is suitable training, the companies will capitalize on it. Since there will be no costly and strict bureaucracy, such an investment will be made in such a manner as to correspond accurately to the demands of the market (Ashton 2004, p.23). Comparison of the Two In comparing the two approaches it is therefore evident that they are opposites in that one adopts a persuasive approach while the other one relies on compulsion. The differences between the two are however much clear in theory than in practice (Grugulis 2007b, p.53). The regulated approach is adopted when a country wants to achieve the level of skills it need thus putting regulations on the Vocational Education and Training (VET) systems (Holden 2001b, p.54). While this is taken as a social justice that would promote good for all, it is looked at as a form of taxation by the antagonists. Regulated approach looks at the society as a whole and a company welfare whereby when skills ar e requires, there is no need of it searching for them from outside but source them from within (Grugulis 2007a, p.2). The voluntary approach on the other hand considers that there should be liberal kind of operation in the workplace where freedom is given for the firm to determine whether to train or not and for that case workers have limited rights but more responsibilities (Rainbird 2002). Here the government do not coerce individuals or companies but appeal to their good will to adopt the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system for their good as in the United Kingdom (CEDEFOP 2009). This is also driven by the market needs where in case a certain skill is lacking in the market, firms can train their employees but if the skill is there in abundance they do not invest much in training. In summary the two can be contrasted in that first while regulated approach recognise the importance of skills at work voluntarist approach do not develop value or develop skills. In addition, Voluntarist approach’s training is very narrow while regulated approach is broad and much focused. In a regulated approach there is employee input and investment facilitation but voluntary approach only favours the employer by limiting employees input and thus becomes a disincentive to investment (Rainbird 2002). Case Studies A case study on the VET systems of different nations reveals that very different policies that govern the same are employed and as a result leading to several varied impacts (Grugulis 2007a). We are going to look at the cases of United Kingdom and Germany and it is also quite clear that for the two countries, there are a number of itineraries that are traversed in Vocational Education and Training, which range from comparatively low degree strategies such as Training for Work in Germany to higher ones such as university graduate and postgraduate degrees (Westwood 2004, p.45). It is worth noting that institutional uniqueness in different countries makes i t impossible for systems to be compatible and this is actually the major reasons as to why there are different approaches to Vocational Education and Training in different countries. The United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the voluntarist approach to Vocational Education and Training (VET) is used and traditionally companies are given the lee way to allow for training and development to their various employees. Vocational Education and Training (VET) was in essence introduced in the United Kingdom to develop the youth into practicable members of society rather than being just mere workers (Harrison Kessels 2004, p.36). Due to the comparative decline in the economy in the United Kingdom several issues have popped up to establish what education can do in either stopping or turning around this pattern (Heyes and Stuart 1996). A rather apparent fact is that the employers on their own are not in a position to meet the cost of gaining the overall objective required by the nation for in vestment in training, education and development and hence trade union’s involvement (Sutherland Rainbird 2000, p.197). This emanates from the fact that employers only work to achieve the goals of their establishments rather than those of the nation at large. It is also worth noting that they work in a jumble of complicated and low quality Vocational Education and Training courses, touchstones and makings (Grugulis 2007a, p.3). That is why one time the French government altered its voluntarist approach so as to deal with the country’s deficit of skills in a schematic manner. Nevertheless, there is still a raging argument on whether or not the voluntarist approach should be done away with (Rubery Grimshaw 2003). In line with this, the Labour government in the year 2000 made it clear that it was not going to take on a training levy any soon, which only points to only one thing; the voluntarist approach will also not be discarded any soon (Holden 2001b). In the United Ki ngdom there is less state intervention in giving directives for training of staff and the major targets are short term benefits (Harrison 2002). Due to the practical experience of the businesses, which have very much boosted their carrying out of activities through investment in people, IIP provides a nation level benchmark which determines the rationales that bond training and development action directly to the objectives of the business so as to ensure there is effective and sustainable use of the resources provided for training and development (Boheim and Booth 2004, p.538). Through this, all classes of organizations are in a position to gauge their progress as far as performance in their businesses is concerned (Lloyd Payne 2004). In the last month of the year 1999, a total of 16454 firms including units within them had already obtained national standards as Investors to people and about twenty two thousand were already committed in arriving at the reward. This reward in turn g ives the organizations significant gains that help them to work for, and achieve that standard. From research it was concluded that the benefits are accrued from the ensuring that strategy is used in the training and that the needs of the business are met through the same. Particularly, the firms assert that when working towards IIP, it assists them to elucidate and put across the objectives of the business and speeding up continuous advancement go-aheads (Ashton 2004, p.27). There is also marked participation of managers in the development of individuals hence uniting rather unrelated action (Heyes 2000, p.150). As a result, the administrative staff members obtain the attention that may have been overlooked in the past. Other firms conceive the idea that IIP will enable them to increase their profitability, efficiency in sales as well as incomes while at the same time operating at a reduced cost (Ashton 2004, p.28). Other studies reveal that discrepancies may arise in recognition e specially when a firm is aiming at retaining the reward after a period of three years. As such, individuals may underperform and only up their game after three years when they need to be recognized. To achieve this reward, significant endeavour has been established. However, the gains will only be achieved through the underlying logistics and reflexive activities that are used in the training (Grugulis 2007a). Germany In Germany the vet system is usually regulated where Occupational Labour Market system is mainly used and there are strong establishments for employers. There is also a dual VET system which emanates from the unanimity and the sundry workplace and school based system which has been cited as a perfect example of top-drawer pattern (Brown et al. 2008). The system may be seen as if it sources financing from the state the state but the truth is that a bigger percentage of the Vocational Solid co-operation emanates from among the employers, state as well as the trade unions (Harrison 2002). In Germany Vocational Education and Training is therefore financed by the employers who, together with the trade unions, back the central and local government in the running of the same (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.185). To ensure that the VET system is made compulsory, there are laws and guidelines that have been established to ensure that the employers are obliged to fund as well as set aside resources necessary for the training purposes (Sutherland Rainbird 2000). The structures, processes and establishments that run the system are collectively administered by the employers, unions and the state (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.185). The two-fold arrangement is classified into three stages whereby the very inaugural phase starts in the terminal years of being in school (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.169). In this phrase a lot of emphasis is put on the high level education for every individual because of a great realization that a beneficial general education gives a firm foundation for learning in the future (Harrison 2002). A great percentage of young school leavers begin apprenticeship as well as other young people who have qualifications that are in one way or another equivalent to A-levels. The others are absorbed into the tertiary educational institutions. This dual system puts much emphasis on the substantial relationship theory and practice when it comes to training (Boheim and Booth 2004, p.526). The apprentice devotes a fraction of his or her time in attending the vocational college while another part of the same is spent obtaining integrated training from a skilled workman within the apprentice’s working environment (Sutherland Rainbird 2000). It is a strict requirement that the skilled workman (otherwise known as a meisterwerker) is well equipped with instruction techniques (Ashton 2001). Both instructions given on and out of the job usually undergo cautious co-ordination so as to ensure the resultant vocational course covers all the details concerning the trade of the given apprentice and the skills required therein. This is widely accepted in the entire labour market in Germany (Lloyd Payne 2004) because it saves the employer the task of going outside the company to poach those workers who are already trained by other organizations (NATFE and Youthaid quoted by Felstead Green 1994, p.199). The state agencies, establishments and the youth jointly meet the costs of the dual system. This is in the sense that the firms commit themselves to the payment of on-the-job training while the youths have to do with comparatively meagre pays and the public funds are used to pay for the vocational institutions. Despite the fact that Germany offers a great number of apprenticeship places, only a fraction of them are taken especially ever since the year 1986, mainly due to the fact that the 1990s ushered a new era of unmanageable times (Harrison 2002). Compared to the United Kingdom, Germany boasts of thrice their w orkforce despite their labour forces being equal (Wallenborn 2010). It is however worth noting that much as the vocational Education and Training policies in Germany are very much regulated they may no longer be in a position to reduce the number of unemployed individuals in the present days (Brown et al. 2008, p.46). There is however problems which relate to the fitting and structure and capacity when compared to the ever fluctuating demand and supply of trained human resources in the job market (Ashton 2004, p.25). Germany has also experienced far much more mutual reciprocal action between education and training as compared to several other countries which adopt the regulated VET system. Conclusion Human resource development is so indispensable that the way of developing it has been theorized in varied models and each is aimed at its best. VET system is an objective model that enables organizations and firms to have knowledgeable and skilled manpower which can enable them achieve their goals in operation. On the other hand there is a concern in socioeconomic welfare in impacting knowledge on individuals as this enables them to be compatible and ensure continuity even when recession comes. That is why some countries like Germany create regulations to force firms to offer training to their employees because this training has an impact on a person and society at large. This regulated kind of vocational education and training is where the organizations and firms are obliged to invest in training in their employees and liable to law incase that is not done. On the other hand some countries do not believe that this control is important and they prefer leaving the options to individuals and firms to do it their fashion like the case of United Kingdom. A close examination of the VET systems in the UK and Germany proves that voluntary and the regulated approaches are direct opposites and they embody dissent logics. While regulated approach presumes that, when left a lone, most firms will concentrate on making profit and forget training employees, the voluntarist approach believes that when left at their discretion firms can perform better than when they operate under control. Moreover, regulated approach takes into account the good of the whole society starting with the worker because when a worker is skilled, he or she can deploy the skills elsewhere therefore as firms get profits the employee can get skills but voluntarist approach seems to favor the employer. This society cooperation and concern is seen in Germany where a culture is created for all stakeholders; parents, state, employers and training institutions work together towards a common goal. In the case of UK the voluntarist approach reveal a lot of employer laxity in employees and that is why any slight recession would lead to employers retrenching workers and poaching for those who have experiences without incurring the cost of training them when the economy recovers. With these di rect opposing logics, expectations and outcomes the voluntary and regulated approaches to VET are two opposing approaches to a single policy. In short the two are aimed at opposing goals, means and ends. References Ashton, D., 2004. The political economy of workplace learning. In H. Rainbird, A. Fuller and A. Munro, ed. Workplace Learning in Context. London: Routledge, pp.21-37. Ashton, D., 2001, From training to lifelong learning: the birth of the knowledge society?’ In: J. Storey, Human Resource Management; A critical Text. 2nd ed. London: Thompson learning, pp.165-189. Ashton, D. and Felstead, A., 2001. From training to lifelong learning: the birth of the knowledge society? In: J. Storey. 2nd ed. Human Resource Management: A Critical Text. London: Thompson Learning, pp.165-189. Boheim, R. and Booth, A., 2004. Trade union presence and employer-provided training in Great Britain. Industrial Relations, 43(3), pp.52-545. Brown, P., Ashton, D., Lauder, H. and Tholen, G., 2008. Towards a High-Skilled Low-Waged Workforce? A Review of Global Trends in Education, Employment and the Labour Market. Cardiff: SKOPE Monograph 10. Cardiff: SKOPE, Cardiff University. CEDEFOP, 2009. Contribution of Collective Bargaining to Continuing Vocational Training. Dublin: European foundation for the improvement of living and working condition. CEDEFOP, 2010, Employer-Provided Vocational Training in Europe. Research Paper No.2. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Felstead, A. and Green, F., 1994. Training During Work Employment Society. Work, Employment and Society, 8(2), pp. 199-219. Grugulis, I., 2007a. Skills, training and human resource development. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.1-11. Grugulis, I., 2007b, Vocational Education and Training in Britain. In: Skills, Training and Human Resource Development. Houndmills: Palgrave, pp. 54-70. Harrison, R., 2002. Learning and Development. 2nd ed. London: CIPD, pp. 60-77. Harrison, R. and Kessels, J., 2004. Hum an Resource Development in a Knowledge  Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp.35-37. Heyes, J., 2000, Workplace Industrial Relations and Training In: H. Rainbird, ed, Training in The Workplace. Houndmills: Macmillan, pp.148-162. Heyes, and Stuart, M., 1996. Does training matter? Employee experiences and attitudes. Human Resource Management Journal, 6(3): pp.7-21. Holden, l., 2001a, Human Resource Development: The Organisational and The National Framework. In: I.B holden. Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach. 3rd ed. Essex pearson, pp.349-360. Holden, l., 2001b. Human Resource Development:The Organisational And The National Framework. In: I.B Holden, T. Claydon, eds. 2004. Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson, pp.341-367. Lloyd, C. and Payne, J., 2004. The Political Economy of Skill: A Theoretical Approach to Developing a High Skills Strategy in the UK. In: C. Warhurst, I. Grugulis, and E. Keep, ed. The Skills that Matter. Basingstok e: Palgrave, pp. 207-224. Rainbird, H., 2002. No rights, just responsibilities: Individual demand for continuing training. In: K. Evans, P. Hodkinson, and L. Unwin, ed. Working to Learn: Transforming Learning in the Workplace. London: Kogan, chapter 12: pp.23-33. Rubery, G. and Grimshaw, D., 2003. The Organisation of Employment: An International Perspective. Hampshire: Palgrave, Chapter 5: Skilling the labour force, pp.106- 137. Sutherland, J. and Rainbird, H., 2000. Unions and workplace learning: Conflict or cooperation with the employer? In: H. Rainbird, ed. 2000. Training in the Workplace. Houndmills: Macmillan, pp. 189-209. Wallenborn, M., 2010. Vocational Education and training and human capital development: Current practice and future options. European Journal of Education, 45 (2) p.181-198. Westwood, A., 2004. Skills that matter and shortages that don’t. In: C. Warhurst, I. Grugulis and E. Keep, ed. The Skills that Matter. Basingstoke: Palgrave, chapter 3: pp. 38-39, 4 2-53. This essay on Voluntarist and Regulated Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Tend to Embody Opposite Logics was written and submitted by user Kimber A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication Process Paper Essay Example

Communication Process Paper Essay Example Communication Process Paper Essay Communication Process Paper Essay Communication is important within all organizations, therefore an organizations communication process may be unique to that organization. Discussion includes the communication climate of Upshaw Processing as a whole. In addition, discussion includes the strengths and weaknesses of Upshaw’s communication. Discussion includes the contributions of management, supervisors, and employees that include an effective communication process. In addition, discussion includes an example that supports the communication process. Communication Climate The communication climate in Upshaw Processing may be formal or informal, depending on the employees working. Upshaw Processing is a small family business; therefore, most of the employees are family members except during deer season when non-family employees work. The use of informal channels of communication occurs during off-season when workers include family members, whereas during deer season, formal channels of communication occur when workers include non-family members. Formal channels are established by the organization and transmit messages that are related to the professional activities of the members† (Robbins Judge, 2009, p. 353). â€Å"Informal channels are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices† (Robbins Judge, 2009, p. 353). Strengths of Communication The communication at Upshaw Processing may reach a high level of success before and during deer season. During deer season many customers visit the processing business, therefore communication is important for the success of the business. Lack of communication during deer season may cause confusion with the customers, employees, and owners. Communication is important because during deer season the activity increases to a high level. Employees are helping customers who are dropping off a deer for processing, employees are helping customers who are picking up a deer, and employees are helping to process other deer. The use of formal channel communication is important during deer season because of the high level of activity, otherwise a customer may pick up the wrong deer. Weaknesses of Communication Although communication levels are strong at Upshaw Processing, at times a weakness in communication may appear. Noise may cause a weakness in communication, whereas the employee may not understand the instructions from the supervisor. The weakness in communication may cause the loss of customers and money for the business. By using the Wheel of formal communication, Upshaw Processing weeds out the weaknesses in communication, otherwise the success of the business would be at risk. By weeding out the weakness in communication, the owners of Upshaw Processing are guaranteeing the success of the business. Effective Communication Of the Three Common Small-Group Networks, the use of the Wheel works for the processing business, therefore the owner relays messages to all employees. The use of the Wheel Network insures that all employees receive and understand the message from the start. Communication during the off-season is successful because employees are family members and know the job details for success. Long time employees learn to read the nonverbal actions of the owners and other employees, therefore spoken words may not occur for the communication to be successful. Example of Support An example of support for the communication climate within the processing business; employees are working and a customer comes in to pick up a deer, a certain employee will wash and wait on the customer. The employee returns to the owner to see what tub number holds the customers deer, and then retrieves the deer from the freezer. The employee collects the money for the processing fee and hands the money to the owner. The owner instructs a certain employee on the conduction of the collection process, therefore the action of communication of collection is successful. In addition to the above example, the owners instruct skinning room employees on the deer skinning process. Clear communication is important in the deer skinning process for the safety of the employees. Deer skinning involves the use of sharp knives, therefore an employee must understand the deer skinning process to work that area of the business. Conclusion The success of an organization requires communication, whereas each organization may practice a different type of communication process. Discussion includes information concerning the communication climate at Upshaw Processing. In addition, discussion includes the strengths and weaknesses of communication within Upshaw Processing. Discussion includes the effective communication process of the supervisor, manager, and employees. In conclusion, discussion includes an example that supports the communication process. Reference Robbins, S. P. Judge, T. A. (2009). Organizational Behavior. Retrieved October 2010 from University of Phoenix Materials, e-Book Collection

Cellphones and Digital Networks

They offer a great amount of convenience, and can be very economically for the busy businessman on the go. Advancements in cell phones are always being made, giving a clearer sound and lighter feel, as well as a longer life. The cell phone industry has been one of the fastest growing in the world. The electronics are fairly simple, but they are so small that they are truly and engineering marvel. This paper will discuss in depth the many different components of the average cell phone, and talk about how it converts your voice into something that can be sent through a digital network. The paper will also look at how the inner workings allow for a phone to act as a microcomputer, with Internet access, address books, and even games. Finally, it will review the many exciting ideas for this growing market and look to the future of the industry, and how the industry plans on overcoming various limiting factors. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, 18 years later Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined to create the cellular craze. In the 80’s few people used radiophones, these phones were the precursor to cellular, but they had several limiting factors preventing them from every becoming a major part of everyday society. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per major city, and no more than 25 channels available on that tower. Each phone needed a powerful transmitter, big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many people could use radiotelephones due to the lack of channels. With the current cellular system any none adjacent cell can use the same frequency, so the amount of phones that can be used are nearly limitless. These cells also mean that each phone does not need a strong transmitter, so the phone can be a lot smaller. With the innovation of digital phones, many great features are now available, such as caller id, Internet access, and several other new features. It also meant that the phone would need a microprocessor to convert from analog to digital, this complicated the circuitry, but left it with new technology available the industry was able to make the phone as small as possible. The only restriction in size became the user-input devices, and the screen size. Usefulness of the Digital Cell Phone The digital cellular phone offers many advantages to today†s society. The conveniences that it offers over simply not having one are obvious and they vary from person to person. But there are many advantages over other types of phones as well. The cellular phone not only allows people to communicate with others while they are on the go, but it also offers many other features to help people. With the services that digital provides, people can access email and find information almost anywhere in the world for a reasonable fee. In the future, as the integration of phones and computers grow, people will be able to access tutorials in the field, and use them to communicate with specialists saving a great amount of time for many researchers. Today digital cell phones, such as the one shown in Appendix C figure 1, can process millions of calculations per second in order to compress and decompress the voice stream. In order to do this each phone is equipped with a circuit board that contains many different chips. The circuit board of a common phone is shown in Appendix C figure 2. Two chips described earlier are the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion chips that translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. There is also a Digital Signal Processor that is highly customized processor designed to perform signal manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor controls the keyboard and display and deals with command and control signaling with the base station, it also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board. This microprocessor is as powerful as the super computer of the 70’s that took up whole rooms, but is now the size of a finger. By using its arithmetic/logic unit or ALU it can perform all mathematical operation that run many of today features in phones. It is also responsible for the transfer of data throughout the phone. It will also make decisions and then run a new set of instructions. In Appendix C figure 3 a very simple microprocessor is shown. Cell phones use microprocessors that are much more complex, but the use the same idea. The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone’s operating system and customizable features, such as the directory and various simple games. (Appendix C figure 4) The RF and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels. Finally, the Radio Frequency amplifiers handle signals in and out of the antenna. The Radio Frequency amplifier is the same device as you would find in your car’s radio. The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features offered by cell phones has increased. Most phones currently available offer built-in phone directories, calculators and even games. It some new products that will be discussed later, cell phone counter as PDA’s offering very large screen and offer all of the benefit you would find in today’s hand held computers. The display is a liquid crystal display (LCD). It is made of thousands of tiny crystals with two possible colors. They have recently announced that they will be offering color screens on some new phones that work like the display of a laptop computer. Very small speakers and microphones, about the size of a dime, amplify the analog waves. These devices are just like that of a portable radio and the microphones used on television talk shows. They are both wired to the microprocessor. In order for digital cell phones to take advantage of the added capacity and clearer quality, they must convert your voice into binary information. This means that it must break it down to 1’s and 0’s. The reason that this is so advantageous is that unlike analog, digital is either on or off, 1 or 0, instead of oscillating between the two. For the conversion, the device must first record an analog wave, such as the one in Appendix B figure 1. To create the highest fidelity possible, it records number to represent the wave, instead of the wave itself as represented in Appendix B figure 2. The cell phones analog-to-digital converter, a device that is also found in a CD player, does this process. On the other end a separate digital-to-analog converter is used for playback. The quality of transfer depends on the sampling rate, that controls how many samples are taken per second, and the sampling precision. The precision controls how many different levels are possible in the sample. The better these two are the clearer the sound, but it takes a higher speed processor and requires a greater amount of data transfer. In Appendix B the benefits are shown in figure 3. Most common digital cellular systems use Frequency Shift Keying to send data back and forth. This system uses one frequency for 1’s and another for 0’s and rapidly switching between the two. This requires optimal modulation and encoding schemes for recording, compressing, sending, and then decoding without loss of quality. Because of this digital phones contain an amazing amount of processing power. The cellular network is web of towers covering areas, generally thought of as hexagonal cells as shown in APPENDIX A Figure 1. The genius of the cellular system is because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, so the same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. Each cell is about 10 square miles and has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. As more people join the cellular world, companies are quickly adding more towers to accommodate them. Every digital carrier is assigned different frequencies, an average carrier may get about 2400 frequencies per city, and this number is about three times the amount as analog. The reason that more channels are available is because digital data can be compressed and manipulated much easier than analog. Each tower uses one seventh of the available frequencies, so none of the surrounding 6 towers interfere. The cell phone uses two frequencies per call, called a duplex channel. The duplex channel allows one channel to be used for listening and the other for talking, so unlike a CB or walkie-talkie, both people can talk at the same time. This system currently allows for about 168 people to talk in each cell, for each system. The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city of any size, but because so many people are using cell phones, costs remain low per user. Every cell phone has a special code associated with it, called an electronic serial number (ESN). It is a unique 32-bit number programmed into the phone when it is manufactured. When the phone is activated another five digit code called a system identification code (SID), a unique 5 digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the FCC, is imprinted in the phones memory. When you first power up a cell phone, it checks a control channel to find the SID. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range, and displays a no service message. After finding the SID, the phones check to see if it matches the SID programmed in the phone, and if it does not match it knows that the phone is roaming. The central location that the cell phone is registered to keeps track of the cell that your phone is in, so that it can find you when someone calls the phone. When the phone is turned on it sends its ESN to the control channel. If the phone goes out of range, it will take a short while to locate your phone when it enters back into service. This can cause loss of calls, even though the phone is in service, but this problem is very temporary. When someone does call your phone it is sent to the central tower called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). This office is continually communicating with the cell phone. It sends and receives the calls, as well as telling it what frequencies to use. This is all done through the control channel, so it does not impair any calls. As you move toward the edge of your cell, the cell’s tower will see that your signal strength is diminishing. At the same time, the base station in the cell you are moving toward, which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, will be able to see your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. There are three common technologies used by cell phone providers. These are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In FDMA every call is done on a separate frequency. FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of bandwidth. This is very similar to the way that radio stations operate. Each station is assigned a signal at a different frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission, so it is slowly being phased out. It is capable of carrying digital information, but it is not considered an efficient method for digital transmission. Time Division Multiple Access gives each call a certain amount of time on a frequency. The Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Association use TDMA. In TDMA, a narrow bandwidth that is 30 kHz wide and 6. 7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots. (Appendix D, figure 1) Each conversation gets the radio frequency for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels. TDMA systems operate in either the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz frequency bands. Some phones have the ability to switch between bands. This function is called simply Dual-Band, and is important when traveling between different band frequencies. TDMA is also the access technology for Global System for Mobile communications. The Global system uses different frequencies in different areas of the world and is not compatible with other TDMA systems. GSM operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz band in the United States. GSM systems use encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. In covered areas, cell-phone-users can buy one phone that will work anywhere else the standard is supported. To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries, GSM-users simply switch SIM cards. SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones. They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need to access a particular wireless service provider. Unfortunately, the 1900 MHz GSM phones used in the United States are not compatible with the international system. Cellphones and Digital Networks They offer a great amount of convenience, and can be very economically for the busy businessman on the go. Advancements in cell phones are always being made, giving a clearer sound and lighter feel, as well as a longer life. The cell phone industry has been one of the fastest growing in the world. The electronics are fairly simple, but they are so small that they are truly and engineering marvel. This paper will discuss in depth the many different components of the average cell phone, and talk about how it converts your voice into something that can be sent through a digital network. The paper will also look at how the inner workings allow for a phone to act as a microcomputer, with Internet access, address books, and even games. Finally, it will review the many exciting ideas for this growing market and look to the future of the industry, and how the industry plans on overcoming various limiting factors. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, 18 years later Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined to create the cellular craze. In the 80’s few people used radiophones, these phones were the precursor to cellular, but they had several limiting factors preventing them from every becoming a major part of everyday society. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per major city, and no more than 25 channels available on that tower. Each phone needed a powerful transmitter, big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many people could use radiotelephones due to the lack of channels. With the current cellular system any none adjacent cell can use the same frequency, so the amount of phones that can be used are nearly limitless. These cells also mean that each phone does not need a strong transmitter, so the phone can be a lot smaller. With the innovation of digital phones, many great features are now available, such as caller id, Internet access, and several other new features. It also meant that the phone would need a microprocessor to convert from analog to digital, this complicated the circuitry, but left it with new technology available the industry was able to make the phone as small as possible. The only restriction in size became the user-input devices, and the screen size. Usefulness of the Digital Cell Phone The digital cellular phone offers many advantages to today†s society. The conveniences that it offers over simply not having one are obvious and they vary from person to person. But there are many advantages over other types of phones as well. The cellular phone not only allows people to communicate with others while they are on the go, but it also offers many other features to help people. With the services that digital provides, people can access email and find information almost anywhere in the world for a reasonable fee. In the future, as the integration of phones and computers grow, people will be able to access tutorials in the field, and use them to communicate with specialists saving a great amount of time for many researchers. Today digital cell phones, such as the one shown in Appendix C figure 1, can process millions of calculations per second in order to compress and decompress the voice stream. In order to do this each phone is equipped with a circuit board that contains many different chips. The circuit board of a common phone is shown in Appendix C figure 2. Two chips described earlier are the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion chips that translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. There is also a Digital Signal Processor that is highly customized processor designed to perform signal manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor controls the keyboard and display and deals with command and control signaling with the base station, it also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board. This microprocessor is as powerful as the super computer of the 70’s that took up whole rooms, but is now the size of a finger. By using its arithmetic/logic unit or ALU it can perform all mathematical operation that run many of today features in phones. It is also responsible for the transfer of data throughout the phone. It will also make decisions and then run a new set of instructions. In Appendix C figure 3 a very simple microprocessor is shown. Cell phones use microprocessors that are much more complex, but the use the same idea. The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone’s operating system and customizable features, such as the directory and various simple games. (Appendix C figure 4) The RF and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels. Finally, the Radio Frequency amplifiers handle signals in and out of the antenna. The Radio Frequency amplifier is the same device as you would find in your car’s radio. The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features offered by cell phones has increased. Most phones currently available offer built-in phone directories, calculators and even games. It some new products that will be discussed later, cell phone counter as PDA’s offering very large screen and offer all of the benefit you would find in today’s hand held computers. The display is a liquid crystal display (LCD). It is made of thousands of tiny crystals with two possible colors. They have recently announced that they will be offering color screens on some new phones that work like the display of a laptop computer. Very small speakers and microphones, about the size of a dime, amplify the analog waves. These devices are just like that of a portable radio and the microphones used on television talk shows. They are both wired to the microprocessor. In order for digital cell phones to take advantage of the added capacity and clearer quality, they must convert your voice into binary information. This means that it must break it down to 1’s and 0’s. The reason that this is so advantageous is that unlike analog, digital is either on or off, 1 or 0, instead of oscillating between the two. For the conversion, the device must first record an analog wave, such as the one in Appendix B figure 1. To create the highest fidelity possible, it records number to represent the wave, instead of the wave itself as represented in Appendix B figure 2. The cell phones analog-to-digital converter, a device that is also found in a CD player, does this process. On the other end a separate digital-to-analog converter is used for playback. The quality of transfer depends on the sampling rate, that controls how many samples are taken per second, and the sampling precision. The precision controls how many different levels are possible in the sample. The better these two are the clearer the sound, but it takes a higher speed processor and requires a greater amount of data transfer. In Appendix B the benefits are shown in figure 3. Most common digital cellular systems use Frequency Shift Keying to send data back and forth. This system uses one frequency for 1’s and another for 0’s and rapidly switching between the two. This requires optimal modulation and encoding schemes for recording, compressing, sending, and then decoding without loss of quality. Because of this digital phones contain an amazing amount of processing power. The cellular network is web of towers covering areas, generally thought of as hexagonal cells as shown in APPENDIX A Figure 1. The genius of the cellular system is because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, so the same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. Each cell is about 10 square miles and has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. As more people join the cellular world, companies are quickly adding more towers to accommodate them. Every digital carrier is assigned different frequencies, an average carrier may get about 2400 frequencies per city, and this number is about three times the amount as analog. The reason that more channels are available is because digital data can be compressed and manipulated much easier than analog. Each tower uses one seventh of the available frequencies, so none of the surrounding 6 towers interfere. The cell phone uses two frequencies per call, called a duplex channel. The duplex channel allows one channel to be used for listening and the other for talking, so unlike a CB or walkie-talkie, both people can talk at the same time. This system currently allows for about 168 people to talk in each cell, for each system. The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city of any size, but because so many people are using cell phones, costs remain low per user. Every cell phone has a special code associated with it, called an electronic serial number (ESN). It is a unique 32-bit number programmed into the phone when it is manufactured. When the phone is activated another five digit code called a system identification code (SID), a unique 5 digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the FCC, is imprinted in the phones memory. When you first power up a cell phone, it checks a control channel to find the SID. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range, and displays a no service message. After finding the SID, the phones check to see if it matches the SID programmed in the phone, and if it does not match it knows that the phone is roaming. The central location that the cell phone is registered to keeps track of the cell that your phone is in, so that it can find you when someone calls the phone. When the phone is turned on it sends its ESN to the control channel. If the phone goes out of range, it will take a short while to locate your phone when it enters back into service. This can cause loss of calls, even though the phone is in service, but this problem is very temporary. When someone does call your phone it is sent to the central tower called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). This office is continually communicating with the cell phone. It sends and receives the calls, as well as telling it what frequencies to use. This is all done through the control channel, so it does not impair any calls. As you move toward the edge of your cell, the cell’s tower will see that your signal strength is diminishing. At the same time, the base station in the cell you are moving toward, which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, will be able to see your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. There are three common technologies used by cell phone providers. These are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In FDMA every call is done on a separate frequency. FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of bandwidth. This is very similar to the way that radio stations operate. Each station is assigned a signal at a different frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission, so it is slowly being phased out. It is capable of carrying digital information, but it is not considered an efficient method for digital transmission. Time Division Multiple Access gives each call a certain amount of time on a frequency. The Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Association use TDMA. In TDMA, a narrow bandwidth that is 30 kHz wide and 6. 7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots. (Appendix D, figure 1) Each conversation gets the radio frequency for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels. TDMA systems operate in either the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz frequency bands. Some phones have the ability to switch between bands. This function is called simply Dual-Band, and is important when traveling between different band frequencies. TDMA is also the access technology for Global System for Mobile communications. The Global system uses different frequencies in different areas of the world and is not compatible with other TDMA systems. GSM operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz band in the United States. GSM systems use encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. In covered areas, cell-phone-users can buy one phone that will work anywhere else the standard is supported. To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries, GSM-users simply switch SIM cards. SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones. They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need to access a particular wireless service provider. Unfortunately, the 1900 MHz GSM phones used in the United States are not compatible with the international system.

Trade Secrets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trade Secrets - Research Paper Example Companies describe the requirements for information security on conventional ‘perimeter’ arena. All organizations make large investments to safeguard the physical assets and also the infrastructure of information. Even though this approach is efficient in hindering the unauthorized people from getting admission from outside, it does nothing to hinder theft or even loss of serious information by people inside the organization (Fink, 2002). If a company fails to measure the long term effect of espionage activity so a single, defined, calculation of the monetary fatalities indirectly and directly might take place due to economic espionage on yearly basis can never be made. Assumptions have been made in the past which begins from $53 billion to $1 trillion. Fatalities can only imitate inventory ‘snapshots’ when audit was carried out. Reporting as such does not take into consideration the lost jobs and sales activities that can take a long time. Trade secrets are identifies when they are kept in draft or formal documents, computer files, working papers, calendars for appointment, internal communication, policy documents, regulatory and legal filings, newsletters, meeting minutes, patent applications, and annual reports (Doyle,2012). Usually collectors like the idea of improving clues to the secret information of trade secret from dumpsters located in and outside building. Trade secrets are also found in memory banks of the employees, and are discussion topics at local areas. Experiences collectors use illegal and legal means together to come up with a balanced collection of human and technical and direct and indirect approach. Internet is also widely used by spies and collectors to find out information and at the right time hide their affiliation, genuine identity, and also the location. The publically used internet locations include colleges, libraries, and universities for instance who give brilliant information and legitimacy too (Fink, 2002). EEA (The Economic Espionage Act) forbids two forms of the trade secret theft for the advantage of any foreign entity known as economic espionage and also the theft of trade secrets (theft for pecuniary gain). Under any prohibition, its reach widens to the theft from this electronic storage. Criminals have to go through imprisonment for a time period of less than ten years in case of the trade secret theft and also not more than fifteen years in case of economic espionage. Individuals may acquire fines of less than $250,000 or twice the gain or loss linked with felony for trade secret theft and also for economic espionage less than that of $5 million or even twice the gain or loss. Firms are fined more harshly, up to a degree of $5 million or even twice the loss or gain for the trade secret theft. Firms are charged a charge of less than $10 million, which is thrice that of trade secret, or even twice that of loss or gain with the felony in case of economic espionage. According to EEA, trade secret is defined as any information that demonstrates economic value’s true potential not known to or willingly ascertainable via right means by public, and owner takes practical measures to keep this information a secret. An owner in this case is the one who is right full authoritative or is equitably likely titled or licensed to when trade secret is relaxed. A person found guilty of stealing trade secret is only liable if he knowingly robs a trade secret, changes it, alters or destroys it, or even accepts a stolen trade secret

Social Norms vs. Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Norms vs. Nature - Essay Example Their inner self connects and they find what they were looking for, in each other’s souls. Annie Proulx implies in Brokeback Mountain that when Jack and Ennis shy away from their natural urges they perish. Suppressing what is natural to them causes them pain and suffering that leads to the demise of their love, on the other hand, Anton Chekhov portrays how a man (Dmitri) pursues what is natural to him and embraces his natural urges with open arms, and in the end finds his true love. In the story The Lady with the Lapdog, Chekhov creates the setting for romantic spark between the two characters Dmitri and the lady. Dmitri’s romantic yearnings are simply unquenchable. He is bored with his wife and constantly seeks the love and affection of other women but never sticks with one. He constantly hunts down â€Å"fresh romance† as the old ones get on his nerves. This might sound unromantic but this is what Dmitri feels deep down inside. He doesn’t love his wife; to Dmitri she is too stiff and boring. This is the context as intelligent readers can guess that either Dmitri will start an affair with the lady, Anna, or at least the desire to have one will burn in his heart. The nature of Dmitri and the way he has transformed into a womanizer predicts that he will look for more chances of betraying his wife. Similarly, in the story Brokeback Mountain, the romance takes place between two men, Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist, a homosexual romance which has absolutely no place in their society. It is obvious that what these two men feel, they will try to get it and in turn betray the social norms. That is how the setting of both these short stories builds a perfect setting for infidelity. However in The Lady with the Lapdog, the author plays with the pre-defined roles of characters, as when Dmitri and Anna hookup, they both fear the same thing, is the other person really interested or he is in it for the time being? This is the part where the readers predict that knowing Dmitri’s nature, he is in it for the game, he is bored as always and seeks new romance but as the story progresses things get more complicated than Dmitri’s simple urge to stay away from home and cheat on her wife, an aging seducer. In the book, The Lady with the Lapdog, the motivation for infidelity is not something that the society would look up to. Dmitri is on the verge of breaking up with his wife. He is simply frustrated by his wife’s cold nature and feels betrayed himself. He doesn’t consider it to be unjust to wander around and have flings with other women; he thinks he is taking revenge on his wife. Although there is not one motive for Dmitri’s disloyalty, however one factor that stands out is that Dmitri was not that much into his marriage from the beginning. He just stood in awe of her when they wedded but the wife’s imposing nature lingered on. She considered herself a â€Å"thinker† and used to call h er husband not by his real name but called him â€Å"Dimitri†. Dmitri probably felt emasculated by her actions, and that is why he preferred staying away from home. But the motive for infidelity in the Brokeback Mountain is in drastic contrast to Dmitri’s situation. Ennis and Jack are portrayed as characters struggling with their affectionate feeling toward each other but on the other hand, feeling afraid of being called homosexual.

Performance and Participation in games Essay Example for Free

Performance and Participation in games Essay Read through the following notes and then answer the questions at the end of each section. Please answer each set of questions on a different sheet using a new heading each time. Please write your answers fully in sentences. Consider how many marks each question is worth as to how much you need to write. The questions should be finished and handed in on Tuesday the 7th November along with your coursework (all sections). School Questions. 1. Explain how your experiences in PE can have both a negative or a positive effect on your participation in sport later in life (2). Name 5 different roles that a pupil could take within a PE lesson (5) 3. For key stage three PE explain what areas of activity are covered and the aims of PE at this level (7) 4. For key stage four PE explain what areas of activity are covered and the aims of PE at this level (4) 5. Explain what benefits can be sought from extra- curricular PE i. On a representational basis and ii. On a recreational basis (4) 6. Name one benefit of examination courses for i. The image of PE and ii. Pupils who have an interest in PE. 7. Explain what benefits links with sports clubs can have and why this is necessary (3) 8. Explain why cross- curricular links are important for pupils (2). 9. Name and explain 3 ways that a school could cover the cost of its sporting activities (3). 10. Explain how curriculum constraints can have a negative effect on how much time is available for PE (2). 11. Explain how tradition can affect the opportunities pupils may have within PE (2) 12. Explain how the environment can affect the opportunities that pupils may have within PE (both positive and negative) (2). Changing Attitudes. What effects do attitudes of society have on participation in games? 1. What is leisure (2) 2. How has leisure time increased (1) 3. Give some of the reasons for this increase and explain why these effects do actually increase opportunities (5) 4. Explain the aim of private leisure providers and name three different types of leisure opportunities they provide (4) 5. Explain the aim of public leisure providers and name three different types of leisure opportunities they provide (4) 6. Name some of the target groups that public providers make provisions for, explain what provisions they make and why this is useful. (5)

Who can be integrated into the literary canon of American Literature?

This is a good question; Due to what American Literature stands for, who can be part of the literary canon? I think literature (American or otherwise) serves as a means by which one can examine a society's values, ideas, hopes, fears, and dreams through fiction or oral literature. Those who have had an impact on their society create something that many people will read of or look upon in different ethnicities, ages, social class, etc; However, does It always have to be an author or an writing documentation to exactly fit in the category of American Literature?; My opinion I would have to say no American Literature should be a Varity of people who made a difference in American not just by written literature but also by oral literature. Furthermore, Anne Hutchinson’s, known not as an author but an importance in our history (American history) should be included in our textbook and should be integrated into the literary canon for American Literature. For one she is known to be a political figure for not just women rights, but also religious rights for everyone. Secondly, she not just known for her beliefs but she is also proof of how religious and political leaders were towards women in her time period, and last but not least she is proven to be a women of multiply accomplishments in her life that actually helped society come to understanding later on. In her time Period women didn’t have rights as a religious dissenter or any type of political stand point. . She was clearly a great leader in the cause of religious toleration in America and the advancement of women in society. She basically challenged men and their authority, which was a struggle and hassle to overcome without being killed, but she did. By conducting informal... ...ican Literature book. Work Cited "Anne Hutchinson: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Encycloedia. Web. 17 Oct. 2010. . Hall, Timothy D. "Amazon.com: Anne Hutchinson: Puritan Prophet (Library of American Biography) (9780321476210): Timothy D. Hall: Books." Amazon.com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & More. Web. 17 Oct. 2010. . Paine, Lisa L. "Midwifery, Childbirth, Politics, and Religion: Lessons from the Case of Anne Hutchinson, Colonial Midwife." Midwifery, Childbirth, Politics, and Religion: Lessons from the Case of Anne Hutchinson, Colonial Midwife. 13 Nov. 2000. Web. 17 Oct. 2010. .

Appearance Versus Reality

Most athletes eat properly, take care of their bodies and exercise hard but the competitiveness of today's athletes and the AOL to look physically fit are pushing young athletes to steroids. Most people think they will only use steroids during the season of their particular sport but unfortunately steroids can be addictive and sometimes lead to other drug use. Doping in sports can cause many negative affects to people in many areas such as their careers, their health and their family.Steroids have been banned by most sports organizations Including the National Football League, the National Basketball League, International Olympic Committee, the Collegiate Lamberts Athletic Association, and most high school athletic associations. If not prescribed, steroids are illegal. Testing positive can cause athletes to lose medals, championships and most importantly face Jail time, and monetary fines. Testing positive may also result In the suspension from their particular sport. Professional at hletes using steroids could possibly lose their chance to continue their careers In their particular sport.Young athletes that use may never have a chance to become professional athletes or play at the college level. Doping has many negative health effects in men, women and teenagers. Some of the health problems want be experienced until long after the use is over. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, HIVE (when using needles to inject the drug), liver tumors, a rare condition called polios hepatitis which Is blood felled cysts that form on your liver are Just a few ways your body can experience the affects.During use, males may experience reduction In sperm produced, baldness, shrinkage of testicles, pain urinating and possible breast development. Women may experience increased facial hair, a more manly voice, shrinking of breast and changes in their menstrual cycle. Some users may also experience stunted growth, enlargement of heart muscles, muscle aches and acne. Drinking and steroids use doesn't mix. Binge drinking and steroids each carry their own Neal rills Boot alcohol Ana astrolabes affect ten lever Ana putting ten two together can cause severe liver damage.Steroids also will affect your personal and family life. Users experience aggressive behavior and combative behavior. This is referred to as â€Å"rood rage. † Acting out with rood rage can lead to fights with teammates, boyfriends/girlfriend, your family and your friends. Steroid use is not heap and it cost lots of money to get the drug. This also can affect the user's family Lambert 3 and friends as well. Once the user stops taking the drug, they will experience paranoia, irritability and severe depression.If gone not treated, the depression can last as long as one to two years and may cause suicidal thoughts and even possible suicide. This will also affect the user's family and friends. When someone starts taking steroids they are only thinking of themselves and the current situation and not th e long term affect it could have on their loved ones and the people around hem. Steroids are very dangerous and have many long term affects on peoples' lives. This drug should be discussed with all young athletes. Steroids promise big results but bring lots of trouble.However, there is little proof that the drug delivers any such benefits. It should be stressed to all young athletes how severe it can be and what all the dangers and consequences to using anabolic steroids are. The negative consequences definitely outweigh what the user thinks the positive affects are. Getting disqualified or harming your body are not smart ways to improve your reference, make bigger muscles or lower your body fat. All these goals can be achieved when a star athlete begins to eat the right types of foods, practices hard, lifting weight, and lots of dedication.This can all be accomplished by a real athlete without the use of performance enhancer steroids. Parents also could play a very big role in keep ing their children from doping. There are many government funded programs that are out there for schools to help keep young athletes away from steroids and their horrible affects to their bodies. Work Cited Page 1 . Periodicals (magazine). Ballads, Sarah. â€Å"8 Questions from Adolescents About Steroid Use; Addiction researches answer teens' questions about performance- enhancing drugs†. U.

Language The monster Essay

The setting makes the reader feel tense because the bad weather in chapter 5 gives the reader the idea that there is a sense that the atmosphere is very ominous and this gives the impression that something bad is going to happen, this type of omen gives the reader a tense feeling because it gives the reader an opportunity to pre-empt the fact that soon the tension will break and it will break into some kind of bad happening. An example of this is when in chapter 5 where there is a slight description of what is happening around the room, and outside the room â€Å"the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out† this gives the impression to the reader that something big is soon to happen, because when your candle burnt out, you can’t see anything. Pathetic Fallacy is when someone gives inanimate features to an inanimate object, for example if you were to talk to a cushion as though it was a real person. Pathetic Fallacy gives the reader thee impression that Victor within chapter 5 feels very isolated and cannot talk to anyone, this is because he doesn’t want to tell anyone about his creation. Language The monster is described as having â€Å"yellow skin† and having a â€Å"shrivelled complexion and straight black lips† this explains that Victor’s creation has human features but they are presented in an inhuman way. The way that this creation is described is in the way that it isn’t human but it is a monster. This connotes that the monster is rather frightening to think about with his yellow skin and to think it is human is very scary. Victor thinks of his monster as scary and intimidating, although in chapter 5 Victor’s creation doesn’t actually do anything to Victor, he does actually run away from him when faced with him. â€Å"One hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs. † This at this point of the story shows us that the monster is a bad thing to behold, that it was intending to seek revenge on Victor, but as the reader we don’t know really what is happening. Also we don’t actually know if Victor’s creation is actually as it says in the quote â€Å"trying to detain me† because he may be twisting the readers point of view, because of Victor being the narrator for most of the novel The reader associates monsters and devils with Victor’s monster because within chapter 5 when the monster is created. In the quote below gives a clear example of the creation being linked with omens and portents, â€Å"when, by the dim and yellow light of the moon, as it forced its way through the window shutters, I beheld the wretch†. This gives the impression that the creation is a sign of evil that is associated by the moon omen, because as well earlier in the chapter Victor claimed that the monster’s eyes appeared to be yellow like the moon. The full moon omen is an association with evil because it is supposed that when the full moon comes out all you can hear is the howling of a werewolf and that is a sign of evil The effect of oxymorons helps the reader with the description of Victor’s monster in chapter 5 â€Å"for example â€Å"but these luxuries only formed a more horrific contrast with his watery eyes† this quote is saying that victor made tried making his monster with â€Å"beautiful† characteristics but then says that these beautiful characteristics came out wrong â€Å"with his watery eyes†. This explains why Victor escapes from his creation later on in the chapter; he looks at the monsters hideous features and doesn’t take into account his interior. Victor within chapter 5 uses the fact that he is the narrator to his advantage, because of this Victor can say anything about the monster he wants and because he is the narrator the reader will believe this â€Å"one hand stretched out, seemingly to detain me† this is a prime example of manipulating the reader at this point, because the narrator says â€Å"seemingly to detain me† everyone believes it. This has an intriguing effect on the audience because the first thing you do as a reader is believe everything that the narrator says , however in this sense the narrator is can be very manipulative and can take advantage of what the reader may know or may not know. This is different to what victor originally thought of his monster, originally Victor thought that his monster would be a good idea because it is an original idea and everyone would praise him for the thing he had created, then if it turned out well then even more praise would come his way. â€Å"Although I possessed the capacity of bestowing animation, yet to prepare a frame for the reception of it† this is showing that victor thought of creating animation as a good idea and that he couldn’t wait to put it into practice. Originally Victor thought of his creation as a excellent idea and he wanted to be the inventor of a revolutionary idea, Victor wanted to be like god in a way, however as we find out through chapter 5 he doesn’t even want the credit for his invention There is an ammount of symbolism within chapter 5, for instance the idea that Victor created life from nothing is symbolic to religion and how god â€Å"apparently† created everything from nothing from his own power. â€Å"I collected the instruments of life around me† this gi—-ves the impression that victor thinks of himself as a god-like person, that maybe he thought after creating this he would be known in history. Conclusion I think that Mary Shelly did meet her aim to â€Å"curdle the blood and quicken the beatings of the heart† because the novel always keeps the reader on edge all of the time, the reader never knows what is coming next. For its time I think that the novel was rather frightening for its time because at that time no-one knew anything that we know in modern day science, so this novel would be what is called sci-fi in the modern day. Today of all the people that still read this novel they still find it a fascinating read because it is quite sci-fi like even to us now, we may now know that you won’t make life out of dead bodies using galvanism but it is still interesting.